Interactive apparatus and method for real-time profiling of inhalation efforts

ABSTRACT

Described herein are interactive apparatus and methods for sensing and measuring real-time characteristic patterns of a subject&#39;s use of a dry powder inhalation system. The devices can be used in a wired or wireless communication mode to communicate with a display to assess the subject&#39;s usage of the inhalation system, to evaluate the performance of the inhalation system and/or to detect the characteristics profile of a dry powder formulation emitted from the inhalation system in use.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.12/488,469, filed Jun. 19, 2009, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/074,487, filed Jun. 20, 2008, and61/159,052, filed Mar. 10, 2009, the entire disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Described herein are interactive apparatus and methods for recording,transferring and displaying key physical measurements based onphysiological conditions generated by a subject during an inhalationmaneuver in real-time.

BACKGROUND

Inhaler devices for dispensing therapeutic substances via therespiratory tract, in particular, for pulmonary delivery in treatinglocal or systemic diseases are commercially available. For example,nebulizers, devices containing propellants, and dry powder inhalers havebeen used for the treatment of diseases, such as asthma, respiratorytract infections and systemic disease such as diabetes.

The efficiency of delivering a required dosage of a therapeuticsubstance to a patient in treating a disease depends on the efficiencyof the device, and overall delivery can be enhanced by providing properfeedback mechanisms to a patient during use of the device to teach, forexample, proper inhalation techniques to a patient. Improper use of thedevices and poor inhalation techniques can lead to lack of efficacy intreating a disease, for example, by administering lower dosages of atherapeutic substance than intended or higher dosages of a therapeuticsubstance which can be harmful to a patient. To effectively delivertherapeutic substances to the respiratory tract, a patient or user canbe trained or coached to use the device in an appropriate manner.

Dry powder inhalers used to deliver medicaments to the lungs contain adose system of a powder formulation usually either in bulk supply orquantified into individual doses stored in unit dose compartments, likehard gelatin capsules, cartridges, or blister packs. Dosingreproducibility requires that the drug formulation is uniform and thatthe dose can be delivered to the patient with consistent andreproducible results. Therefore, dosing can be improved by optimizingdischarge of a formulation, which is effectuated, for example, by havingpatients perform proper inhalation maneuvers.

Devices for training patients to properly deliver therapeutic substancesby the pulmonary tract are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No.5,333,106, which discloses an apparatus for interactive training of apatient in use of an aerosol inhaler, including a feedback display basedupon air flow versus volume data using a proper sequence of inhalationsteps. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/759,859 (Publication No. US2004/0187869) discloses a training device for medicament inhalers, forexample, dry powder inhalers, which is based on measuring pressuredifferential and displaying a single value corresponding to bothinhalation rapidity and inhalation flow rate peak, and includes a drypowder inhaler simulator.

Dry powder inhalers and cartridge systems such as those describe in U.S.Pat. Nos. 7,305,986 and 7,464,706, the disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all they teachregarding dry powder inhalers, can generate primary drug particles orsuitable inhalation plumes during an inspiratory maneuver bydeagglomerating a powder formulation within the inhaler and capsule orcartridge. The benefits of delivering drugs via pulmonary circulationare numerous and, include rapid entry into arterial circulation,avoidance of first pass drug degradation by liver metabolism, ease ofuse, for example, lack of discomfort compared to other routes ofadministration such as by injection. These devices have been in use inclinical settings and patients have been properly trained on the use ofsuch inhalers.

There is a need in the art for improvements in design and manufacture ofa device for training subjects in proper use of an inhalation system;monitoring patients during use of an inhalation system, and monitoringthe performance of an inhalation system, such as presence of leakage ordefects. The present disclosure presents apparatus and methods toachieve these goals.

SUMMARY

Described herein apparatus for measuring key inspiratory characteristicparameters during use of an inhalation system. The apparatus and methodsfor using the apparatus can be useful, for example, in training and/ormonitoring a subject requiring the use of an inhaler, for example, ahigh resistance, dry powder inhaler system for delivery ofpharmaceuticals, active ingredients or medicaments to the lungs andpulmonary circulation. Example embodiments of the inhalation systemsdisclosed herein comprise a display means for visual cues to facilitatetraining and/or monitoring a subject in achieving an optimal orappropriate inspiratory maneuver for the effective delivery of a therapyvia the respiratory system. The systems facilitate the training ofsubjects for the proper use of an inhalation device in order to achievea preferred flow profile for that individual so that maximal delivery ofa medicament can be attained. The devices and method can also be used tomonitor the performance of the inhalation systems, for example,detection of the dose being deliver; quantification of the drug beingdelivered, duration of discharge of a dose being delivered; number ofdoses administered to the subject, and to monitor the mechanicalintegrity of the inhalation system.

In an exemplary embodiment, the apparatus can be made to performinteractively, for example, the apparatus can comprise a wirelesscommunication interface allowing for remote acquisition of data, whichcan be sent to a computer/microprocessor based-system providing aninteractive display of data, storage of data and/or web-based transferof information. Alternatively, other example embodiments can comprise awired communication interface.

In one example embodiment, the apparatus or device can be adapted, forexample, to a high resistance dry powder inhalation system, such asthose described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,305,986 and 7,464,706, U.S. patentapplication Ser. Nos. 12/413,405 and 12/484,125 the disclosures all ofwhich are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety for allthey disclose regarding dry powder inhalers. The device can comprise adry powder inhaler with or without a cartridge containing apharmaceutical formulation, one or more transducers including,electrical, electronic, electro-mechanical, electromagnetic, photonic orphotovoltaic; such as pressure sensors, temperature sensors, soundsensors, and optical sensors; a signal conditioning circuitry and/orsoftware program, a means for electronic signal communication and anoutput display. In such an example embodiment, the apparatus can be usedwith an analog or digital sensor, appropriate signal conditioners suchas amplification, signal filtering, analog to digital conversion, amicroprocessor for onboard processing, a wireless communicator incommunication with a remote computer or personal data assistant (PDA)for subsequent signal processing and/or real-time output display. Thedevice can be used to deliver pharmaceutical compositions contained inpre-metered unit dose cartridges containing an active ingredient fordelivering to the pulmonary circulation. In alternative exampleembodiments, the sensing and monitoring device can be adapted onto orwithin an inhalation system comprising a dry powder inhaler with acartridge that can be empty, or can contain a dry powder suitable forpulmonary delivery.

Dry powders comprising microparticles suitable for pulmonary deliveryare well known in the art including, for example, those disclosed inU.S. Pat. Nos. 6,428,771 and 6,071,497, the disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety for all they discloseregarding microparticles. In respective example embodiments, the drypowders, the active ingredient can be a protein, a peptide, or apolypeptide and combinations thereof, for example, and endocrine hormonesuch as insulin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), parathyroid hormone oranalogs thereof.

In certain embodiments, a dry powder formulation for delivery to thepulmonary circulation comprises an active ingredient or agent, includinga peptide, a protein, a hormone, analogs thereof or combinationsthereof, wherein the active ingredient is insulin, calcitonin, growthhormone, erythropoietin, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulatingfactor (GM-CSF), chorionic gonadotropin releasing factor, luteinizingreleasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), vasoactiveintestinal peptide, parathyroid hormone (including black bear PTH),parathyroid hormone related protein, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1),exendin, oxyntomodulin, peptide YY, interleukin 2-inducible tyrosinekinase, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), inositol-requiring kinase 1(IRE1), or analogs, active fragments, PC-DAC-modified derivatives, orO-glycosylated forms thereof. In particular embodiments, thepharmaceutical composition or dry powder formulation comprises fumaryldiketopiperazine and the active ingredient is one or more selected frominsulin, parathyroid hormone 1-34, GLP-1, oxyntomodulin, peptide YY,heparin, PTHrP and analogs thereof.

In one example embodiment described herein are dry powder inhalerscomprising: a sensor in communication with the dry powder inhaler,wherein the sensor can detect at least one signal type, includingpressure, temperature, and sound signals generated from the dry powderinhalation system and can send signal to at least one device foranalysis, storage, printing or display. In such an example embodiment,the sensor is configured within the dry powder inhaler or adaptable tothe dry powder inhaler and the sensor can be a microphone.

In an example embodiments, the inhalation systems comprises a dry powderinhaler having high resistance to airflow having a resistance valuebetween about 0.065 (√kPa)/liter per minute and about 0.200 (√kPa)/literper minute. High resistance inhalation systems can be provided with thesensing and monitoring apparatus. In one embodiment, the sensor candetect intrinsic characteristic signals generated by the inhalationsystem in use. In another exemplary embodiment, the sensor is a soundsensor which includes a sound detecting device or a microphone,configured to transmit the sound signal by wire or wirelesscommunication mode to at least one another device in the system. Thesensing and monitoring apparatus for dry powder inhalers describedherein can further be associated with an analog to digital converterwhich communicates at least one signal such as a sound signal to amicroprocessor configured to analyze and process the signal. In anotherexample embodiment, at least one device is an analog to digitalconverter.

In one example embodiment, monitoring systems are described for a drypowder inhaler comprising: a monitoring device comprising at least onesensor; an analog to digital converter; a data storage medium, whereinthe data storage medium includes a set of machine-readable instructionsthat are executable by a processing device to implement an algorithm,wherein the algorithm comprises instructions for manipulating the dataincluding the steps of: receiving the data from at least one sensor;filtering the data; transforming the data; analyzing the data; andmonitoring a patient using the data.

In an example embodiment wherein at least one sensor is a microphone,the monitoring device is provided any place within the inhaler, forexample, within the airflow conduits, within the wall of the inhaler, oroutside of the inhaler as a separate piece. In another exampleembodiment, the monitoring device can also be a detachable device thatcan be mountable on, or attachable to a dry powder inhaler. In yetanother example embodiment, the monitoring device provides a graphicaldisplay which is a real-time graphical representation of an inhalation.

In another example embodiment, the sound signal is an amplitude of soundsignal, a frequency of sound signal or combinations thereof. In yetother example embodiments, the sensor further measures at least onesound signal at different frequencies. In another example embodiment,the dry powder inhalers further comprise a cartridge and the cartridgecan comprise a dry powder for pulmonary delivery. Further still, the drypowder can comprise diketopiperazine microparticles and at least oneactive ingredient. In still another embodiment, at least one medicamentcomprises insulin, GLP-1, parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, analoguesthereof, or combinations thereof.

In a further embodiment, the sensing and/or monitoring device isconfigured to detect signals from a dose being delivered. In thisembodiment, the sensing and monitoring system can detect movement ofpowder particles within the inhaler and a cartridge system in use frominitiation of powder delivery from the cartridge to the end of deliveryof the powder particles, wherein the sensor detects variations in theintrinsic characteristics of inhaler sound and powder particle soundemanating from the inhalation system. Data obtained from the detectionrecordations can be analyzed and correlated to the amount of doseemitted or delivered out of the inhalation system, the time that elapsedfor dose delivery, and the performance of the inhalation system.

In another example embodiment, the sensing and monitoring apparatus canbe provided as an adaptable, detachable device such as a jacket orsaddle structure to a dry powder inhaler. In this embodiment, theremovable device facilitates use of the inhalation system, since thestructure or configuration of the dry powder inhaler is not modified.Therefore, the same inhaler can be used without the jacket once thecharacteristic performance of the inhaler has been determined and thesubject can properly use it. In embodiments herein, the sensor such as asmall microphone, can be advantageously placed in any area of thejacket, including, for example, embedded in the wall of the jacket oradaptor, or extending from the walls of the jacket. In this embodiment,the sensing and monitoring apparatus offers greater resolution of soundcharacteristics emanating from the dry powder inhaler and cartridgesystem in use.

In one example embodiment, methods are described for measuring pressuredifferential during an inhalation maneuver, the methods comprise:providing an inhaler to a subject wherein the inhaler comprises a sensorconfigured to detect at least one amplitude of sound signal, at leastone frequency of sound signal or combinations thereof generated from theinhaler, having the subject inhale for at least one second; analyzingthe at least one amplitude of sound signal, said at least one frequencyof sound signal, or combinations thereof using an algorithm providedwith a microprocessor in a computer system to generate a data set; anddisplaying, printing, or storing the data set as a function of time andpressure.

In further embodiments described herein are monitoring systems for a drypowder inhalers comprising: a monitoring device comprising at least onesensor; an analog to digital converter; a data storage medium, the datastorage medium including a set of machine-readable instructions that areexecutable by a processing device to implement an algorithm, thealgorithm comprising instructions for manipulating the data includingthe steps of: receiving the data from the at least one sensor; filteringthe data; transforming the data; analyzing the data; and monitoring apatient using the data.

Even further still, in one embodiment described herein are methods formeasuring pressure differential during an inhalation maneuver,comprising: providing an inhaler to a subject wherein the inhalercomprises a sensor configured to detect at least one amplitude of soundsignal, at least one frequency of sound signal or combinations thereofgenerated from the inhaler, having the subject inhale for at least onesecond; analyzing the at least one amplitude of sound signal, the atleast one frequency of sound signal, or combinations thereof using analgorithm provided with a computer system to generate a data set; anddisplaying, printing, or storing the data set as a function of time andpressure.

In other embodiments described herein are interactive dry powderinhalation systems for monitoring an inhalation performed by a user,comprising: a dry powder inhaler comprising a cartridge and having aresistance to flow values between 0.065 (√kPa)/liter per minute and0.200 (√kPa)/liter per minute; a transducer configured to detect asignal generated from the inhaler in use, and a display deviceconfigured to display in real-time an inhalation maneuver performed by auser. In another embodiment, the transducer senses and measures apressure differential within the inhaler. Further still, the transducercan be a flow meter configured to sense and measure flow rate throughair conduits of the dry powder inhaler. The transducer can be, forexample, a microphone configured to sense and measure a sound signalgenerated from within the inhaler.

In still other embodiments described herein are sensing and monitoringdevices for adapting to a dry powder inhaler, comprising: a detachabledevice structurally configured to adapt to a dry powder inhaler; saiddetachable device comprising a microphone for detecting sound generatedin said dry powder inhaler; and wherein the dry powder inhaler has aresistance to flow value between 0.065 (√kPa)/liter per minute and 0.200(√kPa)/liter per minute.

Further, in one embodiment, sensing and monitoring devices are describedfor a dry powder inhalation system, wherein the dry powder inhalationsystem comprises a dry powder inhaler and a cartridge and the sensingand monitoring device comprises a microphone configured to detect soundsignals generated from a dry powder formulation emitted from the drypowder inhalation system.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates an isometric view of the right side of an embodimentof a dry powder inhaler training apparatus.

FIG. 2 illustrates an isometric view of the left side of the embodimentof FIG. 1, wherein part of the housing has been removed to show internalcomponent parts of the dry powder inhaler training device.

FIG. 3 illustrates a back view of the embodiment of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 illustrates an isometric view of the right side of the embodimentof FIG. 1 with the device cover removed to show additional componentparts in the interior of the device.

FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of the overall training systemdisclosed herein.

FIG. 6 graphically illustrates an inhalation maneuver performed by asubject without coaching.

FIG. 7 graphically illustrates an inhalation maneuver performed by asubject only coached to take a deep breath.

FIG. 8 graphically illustrates an inhalation maneuver performed by asubject properly trained to use a dry powder inhaler using the trainingdevice.

FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate isometric views of an alternate embodiment ofan inhaler with (9B) and without (9A) an integrated sensing andmonitoring device.

FIG. 10 illustrates an isometric view of yet an alternate embodiment ofa sensing and/or monitoring device provided as part of a jacket adaptedto a dry powder inhaler.

FIG. 11 illustrates an isometric view of the sensing and/or monitoringdevice illustrated in FIG. 10, wherein a dry powder inhaler system isdepicted in an open configuration.

FIG. 12 illustrates a back view of the sensing and/or monitor deviceshown mounted onto a dry powder inhaler as shown in FIGS. 10 and 11.

FIG. 13 illustrates a bottom view of the sensing and/or monitor deviceillustrated in FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 illustrates a side view of a dry powder inhaler in cross-sectionthrough its mid-longitudinal line with a cartridge in place and equippedwith a sensing and/or monitoring device.

FIG. 15 illustrates a proximal view of a dry powder inhaler equippedwith a sensing and/or monitoring device.

FIG. 16 illustrates an isometric view of the embodiment of the sensingand/or monitoring device depicted in FIGS. 10-15.

FIG. 17 illustrates an isometric view of an alternate embodiment of asensing and/or monitoring device for adapting to a dry powder inhaler.

FIG. 18 illustrates a block diagram of the overall exemplary sensingand/or monitoring system disclosed herein.

FIG. 19 graphically illustrates an inhalation maneuver performed by asubject trained to take a deep breath and illustrating profiles with andwithout a dry powder dose tested at the same pressure differential.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Disclosed herein are apparatus and/or devices with an interactive systemand methods for measuring or monitoring real-time changes in pressure orpressure drop and/or flow from a subject during an inhalation maneuver.The devices can be used for training a subject to maximize efficiency oftheir respiratory maneuvers in conjunction with an inhalation device,and can also be used for monitoring inspiration during delivery amedicament, to detect proper dose delivery, timing of dose delivery andproper performance of the inhalation system in use. In one exampleembodiment, the sensing and monitoring apparatus can be applied inconjunction with a high resistance inhaler.

The apparatus comprise a transducer or sensor which can convert at leastone measurand, including, pressure, air flow, air volume, humidity, andtemperature, to an electrical signal. The device further includesappropriate signal conditioning circuitry, such as signal filtering,amplification and analog to digital conversion, and processing circuitrysuch as a microprocessor, wired or wireless communication interface andthe like to transfer the generated signal in real-time to a receivingcomputer or personal data assistant (PDA) for display of the signal. Inone embodiment, the output display can be and interactive display sothat the display device provides a visual aid for teaching a subject toperform repeatable inhalation maneuvers in real-time, therebyfacilitating proper inhalation delivery of medicament. In anotherexample embodiment, the data can be stored to be analyzed at a laterdate.

FIGS. 1 through 4 illustrate an example dry powder inhaler trainingdevice. The training devices interactive systems described herein havebeen adapted to a high resistance dry powder inhaler as disclosed inU.S. Pat. Nos. 7,305,986 and 7,464,706, U.S. patent application Ser. No.11/934,643 (US 2008/0053437), Ser. No. 11/949,707 (US 2008/0127970),Ser. No. 12/102,625; and other high resistance dry powder inhalers aredisclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. Nos. 12/413,405; 12/484,125,the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference herein forall they disclose regarding dry powder inhalers.

Training device 100 comprises activator button 102, housing 104,mouthpiece 106, mixing section 108, a cap or lid 110 over mixing section108, air inlet port 112 and air outlet port 114. An air conduit isestablished between air inlet port 112 and air outlet port 114. FIG. 2illustrates training device 100 with left panel (not shown) of housing104 removed showing the position of signal processing/interface board116 and sensor 118 within housing 104. FIG. 3 illustrates a back view oftraining device 100 showing housing 104 having a compartment with cover120 on the right side for accommodating a power source.

In one example embodiment, sensor 118, in an analogue form, is placedwithin housing 104 and detects pressure differential from trainingdevice 100 when training device 100 is turned on by depressing activatorbutton 102 which is connected to a power source, such battery 122illustrated in FIG. 4, that also provides power to the system. Sensor118 can be placed at any point within the air conduit of training device100. In some example embodiments, sensor 118 can be placed in the airconduit within housing 104. In other example embodiments, sensor 118 canbe placed within the mixing chamber (not shown) or the air conduit ofmouthpiece 106.

FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram for an inhaler training device, suchas training device 100, showing its various operational component parts.In FIG. 5, system 500 comprises two components, inhaler training device502 and processing system 504. Processing system 504 can include a PDAor computer 506, display 508, wireless communicator 510 and output 512which can be in the form of digital storage, a web interface, a printout or the like. In this example embodiment, a user can activate inhalertraining device 502 by depressing a power button, for example button 102on training device 100, with processing system 504 also activated. Whenthe software program integrated with computer 506 is ready, a startsignal appears on display 508. With the system activated, inhalation 514generates a pressure drop in inhaler training device 502 which istransduced to an electrical signal by sensor 118. In this embodiment,the sensor 118 can be a pressure, flow, sound, optical, gas, humidity,or temperature transducer that is either analogue or digital. Electricalsignal 516 from sensor 118 is then transmitted to signal conditioner 518to remove unwanted signals, such as signal noise. Conditioned electricalsignal 520 is then transmitted to signal amplifier 522 whereinconditioned electrical signal 518 can be amplified to a predeterminedvoltage range, and transmitted as amplified signal 524. Amplified signal524 is then converted to digital signal 526 through analog to digitalconverter 528. Digital signal 526 then passes through microprocessor 530and into second wireless communicator 532 through connection 534 fortransmission to computer 506, having wireless communicator 510 forreceiving wireless signal 536. A software program built into/programmedinto microprocessor 530 or computer 506 converts electrical signal 516to a pressure value which can be displayed graphically. In certainembodiments, a baseline curve for inhaler training device 502 isprovided as a reference standard to guide the user's inhalationmaneuver. Therefore, during an inhalation, a user can visually comparehis/her inhalation maneuver to the baseline standard. In this manner,the user can alter his/her inhalation effort to conform to therequirements of the standard. The displayed data for each inhalationperformed by a subject can be saved via second connection 538 to output512 wherein the data can be stored or transferred accordingly. Forexample, output 512 can be in the form of a flash drive or printer, ortransmitted via email to a physician for review or further training asneeded. In one embodiment, signals from the inhalation training devicecan be transmitted to the computer/PDA and signals from the computer/PDAcan be received by the inhalation training device, thereby establishinga two way communication between the two components.

Further, other on-board devices 540 can send and receive data frommicroprocessor 530 through one or more cable 542. For example, otheron-board devices can include digital output sensors, temperaturesensors, light emitting diodes (LEDs), sound warning devices, and otheron-board sensors.

Other configurations of block diagram 500 can also be configured, forexample, following the signal amplification amplified signal 524 can bedirectly sent to computer 506 via second wireless communicator 532 andthe computer can do the analog to digital conversion and other requiredanalysis steps.

Exemplary data from training sessions with a subject are illustrated inFIGS. 6 through 8. Each figure depicts a graph (600, 700, 800) of datadisplayed by the training systems described herein after an inhalationmaneuver. The graphs are plotted as pressure in kPa on the y-axis andtime in milliseconds on the x-axis. A baseline inhalation performancestandard for training device 100 is shown as region 602 which isbordered by a warning region 604 and an acceptable or preferred region606. Regions 602, 604 and 606 can be provided in different colors tofacilitate discernment of regions in monitoring an individual'sperformance during an inhalation. Region 602 can be, for example,depicted in red, indicating that the inhalation maneuver did not meetthe baseline requirement; therefore, the delivery system would not beoptimal to deliver a medicament effectively. Warning region 604 can bedepicted in yellow indicating a warning that the inhalation maneuver isnearing the unacceptable performance effort. Preferred region 606 can bedepicted in green indicating that the inhalation performance is in theacceptable efforts to effectively deliver a medicament.

FIG. 6 graphically illustrates an example of an inhalation maneuverperformed by a subject who has received no training and is not allowedto see the screen display of the computer during the inhalationmaneuver. The results of this inhalation are plotted as curve 608. Asgraphically illustrated in FIG. 6, the inhalation effort by the subjectfalls in the unacceptable region 602 during the entire inhalationprocedure.

FIG. 7 graphically illustrates results of an inhalation maneuver of asubject who has received some guidance on the use of a device and isallowed to look at a computer screen displaying the inhalation effortduring the maneuver. In this maneuver and as shown by curve 610, thesubject inhaled for an acceptable period of time, as indicated by endpoint 612 falling within preferred region 606, but did not inhalequickly enough or with enough effort to attain acceptable values, asindicated by regions 614 and 616 which fall within region 602.

FIG. 8 graphically illustrates an example of an inhalation maneuverperformed by a subject who has received complete training and is allowedto see the display screen on a computer while performing the inhalation.As can be seen by curve 618, the subject performed entirely withinacceptable values in region 606.

The graphs illustrated in FIGS. 6-9 and 19 can be incorporated into acomputer program and captured as a screenshot therefrom. Other featuresof the devices and systems described herein can be controlled using acomputer or microprocessor and visualized through an onscreen display.

In some example embodiments disclosed herein, one or more key parameterscan define an acceptable inhalation maneuver, including, totalinhalation time, peak inspiratory pressure, time to peak inspiratorypressure and average pressure from peak to about 75% of the totalinhalation time. In certain embodiments, the total inhalation time canbe greater than 5 seconds, the peak inspiratory pressure can be greaterthan about 6 kPa, time to peak inspiratory pressure can be less thanabout 1.1 seconds and the average pressure from peak inhalation to 75%of total inhalation time is about 4 kPa. These values are representativeof values for training device 100, and can be modified for alternateinhaler training devices, depending on the performance parametersrequired for optimal delivery of the medicament of the inhaler,including resistance.

In another example embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 9A and B, dry powderinhaler 900 can be provided with a sensing and/or monitoring device 902which can monitor and/or sense signals generated by or within dry powderinhaler 900 during an inhalation maneuver by a patient. FIG. 9Aillustrates dry powder inhaler 900 without a sensor device eitherintegrated into the device or attached thereto. Alternatively, in anexample embodiment depicted in FIG. 9B, monitoring device 902 can beprovided as an integral part of dry powder inhaler 900 on mouthpiece 904or housing 906 as desired. Dry powder inhaler 900, as depicted in FIG.9B, has monitoring device 902 adapted within the inhaler, whichcomprises mouthpiece 904 and housing 906. In one embodiment, the sensorcan be integrated within the component walls of inhaler 900, includingthe mouthpiece, housing, sled or to project into one of the flowpathways of the inhaler. Dry powder inhaler 900 comprises an air conduitwith an air inlet 908, air outlet 910 and optional mouthpiece cover 912(FIG. 10). Monitoring device 902 including a small or miniaturemicrophone is provided within dry powder inhaler 900 configured withmouthpiece 904 and is provided with leads 914 (FIG. 13), which can beconnected to an analog to digital converter, a display device, and/or acomputer.

FIGS. 10-16 depict alternate embodiments, wherein dry powder inhaler 900includes detachable sensing and monitoring device 1000 presented as ajacket or cap, wherein detachable sensing and monitoring device 1000 canbe provided as a detachable part that can adapt to a dry powder inhaler.In this embodiment, the jacket is manufactured as a separate, detachabledevice comprising sensors, for example, a microphone which can detectsignals and being capable of storing, transmitting or displaying thesignals. In one embodiment, the sensor is placed in the bottom portionof the jacket as depicted in FIG. 12 so that the sensor is placed in anair conduit of the inhaler. In other example embodiments, a wirelessdevice can also be provided in connection with the sensor. Sound wavesemanating from the inhaler in use with or without a dry powder aredetected by the microphone and the signals can be analyzed andcorrelated to time of powder discharge in the presence of a dry powder,airflow rate, end of powder discharge during an inhalation maneuver,temperature within the inhaler pathway, and the like, depending on thetype of sensor used. For example, an increase in sound can be correlatedto an increase in flow rate through the device, and/or powder particlescollisions in the air stream during delivery.

A sensor such as a microphone, as a result of its small size, can beplaced anywhere in the inhaler. In embodiments wherein the sensor is apressure transducer, the sensor can be placed within an air conduitpassing through one of the inhaler compartments. The sensors can beprovided, for example, in an air conduit on or within the inhaler orprovided as a separate, detachable part as an accessory to the inhalerwith a shape or configuration that can be adapted to the inhaler towhich is to be adapted, and can include a cap, a jacket, sleeve or asaddle-like configuration that can be adapted or mounted to the inhaler.For the detachable embodiments, the sensing and monitoring apparatus iseasy and inexpensive to manufacture and can be made from plastics, andworks well with high resistance dry powder inhalers. In the embodimentillustrated in FIG. 10, for example, sensor 1202, depicted in FIG. 12,is provided within the air conduit of mouthpiece 904. The sensor can beany sensor, for example, a thermocouple wire, a pressure transducer, ananalog sensor, a microphone, an optical sensor, a gas sensor, or anysensor that can detect signals generated within an inhaler. Sensor 1202,for example is a microphone. The sensors described herein can be adaptedto communicate or transmit signals with a wireless device or the signalscan be transmitted or stored using wire connection 916 to an analog todigital converter.

Alternatively, an analog to digital converter is provided within theinhaler device and resulting digital data is transferred out of thedevice directly. The signals provided by the sensors described hereincan be in the form of sound generated in an inhaler by airflow passingthrough the air conduits and/or powder particles collisions entrained inthe air flow pathway. Signals generated from the inhaler can be detectedby the sensors and stored, transmitted or displayed. Data can begenerated from the signals and qualitatively and/or quantitativelyanalyzed. In this manner, measurements can be made including time ofdose release,

FIG. 11 depicts an isometric view of the sensing and/or monitoringdevice illustrated in FIG. 10, wherein dry powder inhaler 900 isdepicted in an open configuration. Dry powder inhaler 900 comprisesmouthpiece 904, housing 906, and a hinge mechanism, including a gear,for opening and closing dry powder inhaler 900. Movement of mouthpiece904 to an open configuration as shown in FIG. 11 permits mounting ofcartridge 1102 for dosing. Movement of mouthpiece 904 onto housing 906into a closed or dosing position, as illustrated in FIG. 9, of drypowder inhaler 900 which comprises a slide tray attached to the hingemechanism, reconfigures cartridge 1102 to a dosing position forming anair pathway through cartridge 1102 and mouthpiece 904.

In one example embodiment, detachable sensing and monitoring device 1000(FIGS. 12, 13, and 16) can be used as needed by a patient or a healthprovider in training or gathering information from the patient'sinhalation maneuvers and then removed from dry powder inhaler 900, atwhich point dry powder inhaler 900 remains functional. FIG. 11 depictsan example embodiment wherein detachable sensing and monitoring device1000 is adapted to mouthpiece 904 so that it fits securely and cannotmove during loading or unloading cartridge 1102 with repeated use.Detachable sensing and monitoring device 1000 can be removed after useand remounted onto another inhaler as needed. In this embodiment, thedetachable system provides a simple device that does not interfere with,or affect with the characteristic resistance values of the inhalationsystem.

FIG. 12 illustrates a back view of detachable sensing and monitoringdevice 1000 shown mounted onto dry powder inhaler 900 in FIGS. 10 and11, removed from an inhaler. As illustrated in FIG. 12, detachablesensing and monitoring device 1000 is configured to have first flange1204 and second flange 1206 both of which can engage mouthpiece 904 sothat a secure fit can be obtained and can clear housing 906 by sittingwithin corresponding first groove 918 and second groove 920 on drypowder inhaler 900 when in a closed position. In such an exampleembodiment, dry powder inhaler 900 can comprise wire connection 916 orat least one lead which can couple to an analog to digital converter sothat signals detected by sensor 1202 on traversing portion 1208 ofdetachable sensing and monitoring device 1000 can be transformed intodata. In an alternate example embodiment, detachable sensing andmonitoring device 1000 can be adapted to a wireless transmitter to sendmeasured signals to a receiver.

FIGS. 12 and 16 illustrate detachable sensing and monitoring device 1000configured in the shape of a saddle to correspond to different drypowder inhaler configurations. Detachable sensing and monitoring device1000 has top surface 1210, bottom surface 1212 and sensor 1202configured on bottom surface 1212 of detachable sensing and monitoringdevice 1000 in a mid-longitudinal axis. Detachable sensing andmonitoring device 1000 can also comprise at least one detent or at leastone protrusion 1214 in addition to first flange 1204 and second flange1206 to engage and adapt to dry powder inhaler 900. In one exampleembodiment, detachable sensing and monitoring device 1000 comprises araised area 1216 with a hollow undersurface configured to hold sensorwires 1302 so as to avoid any obstruction of airflow in the air conduitof dry powder inhaler 900. FIG. 13 depicts a bottom view of detachablesensing and monitoring device 1000 illustrating sensor 1202 coupled tosensor wires 1302 and wire connection 916 for connecting to a digital toanalogue converter.

FIG. 14 illustrates a cross-sectional side view of dry powder inhaler900 equipped with detachable sensing and monitoring device 1000 shown inFIG. 11. The cross-section is through its mid-longitudinal line withcartridge 1102 in place and showing the position of sensor 1202 withinthe jacket. FIGS. 14 and 15 also show the position of sensor 1202, forexample a microphone, in the air pathway of mouthpiece 904. In someembodiments, the sensor within the jacket for adapting to an inhaler'sair pathways can be configured in different places depending on theinhaler. In this manner, the jacket can be configured to have the sensorintegrated so when adapted to the inhaler it is position upstream,downstream or in the middle of the inhaler's air conduit so that thesound signals or vibrations can be detected through the wall of theinhaler or directly on the air pathway.

FIG. 17 depicts an isometric view of alternate detachable monitoringdevice 1700 configured to be adapted to a dry powder inhaler such as drypowder inhaler 900. In this example embodiment, first side panel 1702and second side panel 1704 can adapt to first inhaler side panel 922 andsecond inhaler side panel 924 of mouthpiece 904 to form a tight fit withdry powder inhaler 900. Alternate detachable monitoring device 1700further comprises first bottom flange 1706, second bottom flange 1708,first front flange 1710 and second front flange 1712 used to engage withdry powder inhaler 900. First bottom flange 1706 and second bottomflange 1708 grasp the bottoms of first inhaler side panel 922 and secondinhaler side panel 924 while first front flange 1710 and second frontflange 1712 grasp the sides of mouthpiece 904 and fit within firstgroove 918 and second groove 920 on dry powder inhaler 900. Alternatedetachable monitoring device 1700 further includes raised area 1714 forhousing a sensor and accompanying wires (not illustrated) in itsundersurface. Grasping area 1718 facilitates handling of the jacket.

FIG. 18 illustrates block diagram 1800 for an exemplary configuration ofan overall sensing and/or monitoring device and system as disclosedherein. In such an example embodiment, inhaler 1802 comprises microphone1804 to detect user inhalation 1806 and provide analog signal 1808.During user inhalation 1806, sound waves generated by the airflow as itenters the air conduits of inhaler 1802 are detected by microphone 1804.Microphone 1804 can detect sound signals generated from alteration inpressure, stress, particle displacement and particle velocity of aninhaler in use, the range from 15 to 20,000 Hertz. Microphone 1804 usesthe signal pattern resulting from the changing or variations infrequency emissions intrinsically being generated from the inhaler inuse with and without powder to determine the flow rate or pressurewithin the device that when analyzed can be correlated to user and/ordevice performance. These vibratory signals in microphone 1804 are thenconverted into analog signal 1808 (e.g. voltage) and transmitted toanalog to digital converter 1810. Signals from the analog/digitalconverter 1812 are communicated to computer/PDA 1814 provided with amicroprocessor which uses an algorithm for analyzing the signalsreceived from the analog/digital converter 1812. The processed data ispresented with frequency, time and amplitude parameters, and provided ondisplay 1816 or provided to an output means 1818 for storage for futureuse, communication to a web based digital storage, and/or printing out.In such an example embodiment, by monitoring the signal frequency versustime, the amplitude of analog signal 1808 can be determined. Each drypowder inhaler type can have a typical acoustical pattern, orfingerprint, which develops for the inhaler in use, and the pattern canthen be detected and converted to specific signals, analyzed and storedor displayed in a display device such as a computer monitor.

In one example embodiment, a sensing and monitoring system for aninhaler includes a sensing and/or monitoring device structurallyconfigured to be adapted to an inhaler; an analog to digital converter;and a data storage medium. The data storage medium includes a discdrive, a CD-ROM, a server, a flash card or drive, memory card, and thelike and includes a set of machine-readable instructions that areexecutable by a microprocessor or other processing device to implementan algorithm. The algorithm, when run, initiates the steps of generatinga logical sub-system generation number derived from detected signals;saving the logical sub-system generation number to a data track within alogical sub-system, wherein the logical sub-system generation number anda cluster generation number in the processing device are compared; andstoring and/or displaying information from the algorithm as the resultsfrom an inhalation maneuver.

FIG. 19 illustrates an exemplary graphic display 1900 of an inhalationmaneuver performed using a dry powder inhaler system in response to apressure differential, wherein the dry powder inhaler system comprised amicrophone sensor. Similar to FIGS. 6-9, graphic display 1900 hasacceptable region 1902 and unacceptable region 1904. These regions canbe colored red and green or any other combination of colors that aid inlearning the inhalation maneuver. The subject is coached to take a deepbreath with the inhaler for about a period of 4 to 5 seconds and allowedto exhale normally. The graph illustrates inspiratory profiles from thesubject showing measurements using a sensing and monitor devicedescribed in FIGS. 10-16. FIG. 19 illustrates the data as time in thex-axis and pressure differential in the y-axis.

The inhalations maneuvers were performed using the inhaler with acartridge without a dry powder formulation, depicted by first curve1906, and with a dry powder formulation, depicted by second curve 1908.The results show that the sensing and monitoring device can detect thepresence of powder emitted from the system, the time of powder emissionand the amount of powder emitted from the system. Curve 1906 is thesignal produced by the microphone during an inhalation without powder inthe system and curve 1908 is the signal produced by the microphoneduring the same inhalation with powder in the system. The difference ofthe curves 1908 and 1906 represents the presence and magnitude of powderemitted from the system and time of emission. The data in FIG. 19illustrate that the sensing and monitoring device is effective formeasuring the amount of dose emitted from the inhaler cartridge system.

Example 1 Using an Integrated Training Device

A 57 year old Type II diabetic is instructed to receive inhaled insulinfrom a dry powder inhalation system, because she has an elevatedhemoglobin A1c and is considered out of control. The patient is trainedfor inhalation using a device as illustrated in FIG. 9B with anintegrated sensor. The patient is given the device and asked to take adeep rapid breath in using the training device.

The data is collected on a computer and the patient is able to view thedata in real-time on a display screen. The patient's first inhalationattempt is too slow and is indicated on-screen as entering a red“unacceptable region.” The patient is instructed to take another rapidbreath in that is slightly faster than the previous attempt. Uponcompletion of the inhalation, the graph illustrates that the patient'sinhalation maneuver was acceptable and entirely in the green region ofthe graph. Upon being comfortable with the training, the patient isclear for use of a similar device.

The patient is prescribed a dry powder inhaler similar to the type thatillustrated in FIG. 9A and cartridges filled with an inhalable insulinfor treatment of the patient's diabetes. Six months after prescribingthe inhaled insulin, the patient's diabetes is diagnosed as undercontrol.

Example 2 Using an Attachable Training Device

A 59 year old Type II diabetic is instructed to receive inhaled insulinfrom a dry powder inhalation system. The patient has requested theinhalation system for convenience reasons. The patient is trained forinhalation using a device as illustrated in FIG. 9A. The patient isgiven the device fitted with an attachable sensor similar to that ifFIG. 12 and asked to take a deep rapid breath in using the trainingdevice.

The data is collected on a computer and the patient is able to view thedata in real-time on a display screen. The patient's first attempt isacceptable as indicated by the software. Upon being comfortable with thetraining, the patient is clear for use of the device.

The patient attachable sensor is removed from the dry powder inhaler.The patient is given the dry powder inhaler and cartridges filled withinhalable insulin for treatment of the patient's diabetes. Six monthsafter prescribing the inhaled insulin, the patient's diabetes isdiagnosed as under control and the patient comments on the greatconvenience of the device.

The preceding disclosures are illustrative embodiments. It should beappreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosedherein elucidate representative techniques that function well in thepractice of the present disclosure. However, those of skill in the artshould, in light of the present disclosure, appreciate that many changescan be made in the specific embodiments that are disclosed and stillobtain a like or similar result without departing from the spirit andscope of the invention.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities ofingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions,and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understoodas being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly,unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth inthe specification and attached claims are approximations that may varydepending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by thepresent invention. At the very least, and not as an attempt to limit theapplication of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims,each numerical parameter should at least be construed in light of thenumber of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary roundingtechniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameterssetting forth the broad scope of the invention are approximations, thenumerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported asprecisely as possible. Any numerical value, however, inherently containscertain errors necessarily resulting from the standard deviation foundin their respective testing measurements.

The terms “a,” “an,” “the” and similar referents used in the context ofdescribing the invention (especially in the context of the followingclaims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural,unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context.Recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as ashorthand method of referring individually to each separate valuefalling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, eachindividual value is incorporated into the specification as if it wereindividually recited herein. All methods described herein can beperformed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein orotherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and allexamples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein isintended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose alimitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No languagein the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimedelement essential to the practice of the invention.

Specific embodiments disclosed herein may be further limited in theclaims using consisting of or and consisting essentially of language.When used in the claims, whether as filed or added per amendment, thetransition term “consisting of” excludes any element, step, oringredient not specified in the claims. The transition term “consistingessentially of” limits the scope of a claim to the specified materialsor steps and those that do not materially affect the basic and novelcharacteristic(s). Embodiments of the invention so claimed areinherently or expressly described and enabled herein.

Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the inventiondisclosed herein are not to be construed as limitations. Each groupmember may be referred to and claimed individually or in any combinationwith other members of the group or other elements found herein. It isanticipated that one or more members of a group may be included in, ordeleted from, a group for reasons of convenience and/or patentability.When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the specification is deemedto contain the group as modified thus fulfilling the written descriptionof all Markush groups used in the appended claims.

Certain embodiments of this invention are described herein, includingthe best mode known to the inventors for carrying out the invention. Ofcourse, variations on these described embodiments will become apparentto those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoingdescription. The inventor expects skilled artisans to employ suchvariations as appropriate, and the inventors intend for the invention tobe practiced otherwise than specifically described herein. Accordingly,this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subjectmatter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicablelaw. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in allpossible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unlessotherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

Furthermore, numerous references have been made to patents and printedpublications throughout this specification. Each of the above-citedreferences and printed publications are individually incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety.

In closing, it is to be understood that the embodiments of the inventiondisclosed herein are illustrative of the principles of the presentinvention. Other modifications that may be employed are within the scopeof the invention. Thus, by way of example, but not of limitation,alternative configurations of the present invention may be utilized inaccordance with the teachings herein. Accordingly, the present inventionis not limited to that precisely as shown and described.

We claim:
 1. A dry powder inhalation system comprising: a dry powderinhaler a cartridge structurally configured for said dry powder inhaler,and a sensor in communication with said dry powder inhaler, wherein saidsensor detects at least one signal generated from said dry powderinhaler and sends said at least one signal to at least one device foranalysis, storage, printing or display.
 2. The dry powder inhalationsystem of claim 1, wherein said sensor is configured within said drypowder inhaler or adaptable to said dry powder inhaler.
 3. The drypowder inhalation system of claim 1, wherein said signal is a soundsignal
 4. The dry powder inhalation system of claim 3, wherein the soundsignal is an amplitude of the sound signal, a frequency of the soundsignal or combinations thereof.
 5. The dry powder inhalation system ofclaim 1, wherein said sensor is configured to further measure said atleast one signal.
 6. The dry powder inhalation system of claim 1,wherein said sensor is a microphone.
 7. The dry powder inhalation systemof claim 1, wherein said cartridge comprises a dry powder for pulmonarydelivery.
 8. The dry powder inhalation system of claim 7, wherein thedry powder comprises diketopiperazine microparticles.
 9. The dry powderinhalation system of claim 7, wherein the dry powder comprises at leastone active ingredient.
 10. The dry powder inhalation system of claim 9,wherein said at least one active ingredient comprises insulin, GLP-1, oranalogues thereof.
 11. The dry powder inhalation system of claim 1,wherein said dry powder inhaler has a resistance value between about0.065 (√kPa)/liter per minute and about 0.200 (√kPa)/liter per minute.12. The dry powder inhalation system of claim 1, wherein said sensor isconfigured to transmit said sound signal by wire or wirelesscommunication mode to said at least one device.
 13. The dry powderinhalation system of claim 3, wherein an analog to digital convertercommunicates said at least one sound signal to a microprocessorconfigured to analyze and process said at least one sound signal. 14.The dry powder inhalation system of claim 1, wherein said at least onedevice is an analog to digital converter.
 15. The dry powder inhalationsystem of claim 1, wherein said at least one device is a display device.16. The dry powder inhalation system of claim 15, wherein display deviceis a computer monitor.
 17. A monitoring system for a dry powder inhalercomprising: a monitoring device comprising at least one sensor; ananalog to digital converter; a data storage medium, said data storagemedium including a set of machine-readable instructions that areexecutable by a processing device to implement an algorithm, saidalgorithm comprising instructions for manipulating said data includingthe steps of: receiving said data from said at least one sensor;filtering said data; transforming said data; analyzing said data; andmonitoring a patient using said data.
 18. The monitoring system of claim17, wherein said at least one sensor is a microphone.
 19. The monitoringsystem of claim 17, wherein said monitoring device is provided withinsaid inhaler.
 20. The monitoring system of claim 17, wherein saidmonitoring device is a detachable device.